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The ''Aplysia'' gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (GSWR) is an involuntary, defensive reflex of the sea hare ''Aplysia californica'', a large shell-less sea snail or sea slug. This reflex causes the sea hare's delicate siphon and gill to be retracted when the animal is disturbed.〔Carew, T. J. (2000). Behavioral Neurobiology: The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior. Sinauer Associates, Inc.〕 ''Aplysia californica'' is used in neuroscience research for studies of the cellular basis of behavior including: habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization, because of the simplicity and relatively large size of the underlying neural circuitry.〔 Eric Kandel, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his work with ''Aplysia californica'', was involved in pioneering research into this reflex in the 1960s and 1970s. ==Nonassociative learning== Nonassociative learning is a change of the behavior of an animal due to an experience from specific kinds of stimuli. In contrast to associative learning the behavioral change is not caused by the animals learning that a particular temporal association occurs between the stimuli. There are three different forms of nonassociative learning examined in ''Aplysia'': habituation, dishabituation and sensitization. Eric Kandel and colleagues were the first to demonstrate that Aplysia californica is capable of displaying both habituation and dishabituation.〔 Habituation in ''Aplysia californica'' is when a stimulus is repeatedly presented to an animal and there is a progressive decrease in response to that particular stimulus.〔 Dishabituation in ''Aplysia californica'' is when the animal is presented to another novel stimulus and a partial or complete restoration of a habituated response occurs.〔 Sensitization in ''Aplysia californica'' is the increase of a response due to the presentation of a novel, often noxious, stimulus.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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